| Topic | Size | Mass/Energy | First Appearance | Force and Phenomena |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macro-world | ||||
| Observable Universea ^ | 1028 cm. | 1022 Msun | 0 sec. | Gravity + Unknown repulsive force; an expanding spherical space in the last 13.7x109 yrs, containing mass/energy |
| Superclustersa ^ | 1026 cm. | 1016 Msun | 11x109 yr. | Gravity; maximum scale of lumpiness, currently separating out of the cosmic expansion |
| Clusters of Galaxiesa ^ | 1024 cm. | 1015 Msun | 6x109 yr. | Gravity; galaxies in orbit around each other + dark matter |
| Galaxiesa ^ | 1022 cm. | 1011 - 1014 Msun | 7x108 yr. | Gravity; aggregation of stars, gas, dust and dark matter |
| Star Clustersa ^ | 1020 cm. | 102 - 106 Msun | 5x108 yr. | Gravity; group of stars originated in an interstellar cloud |
| Planetary Systemsa ^ | 1016 cm. | 0.1-100 Msun | 1.8x108 yr. | Gravity; non-luminous bodies as by-product in stellar formation |
| Starsa ^ | 1011 cm. | 0.1-100 Msun | 1.8x108 yr. | Gravity; luminosity maintained by nuclear burning |
| Earthg ^ | 109 cm. | 6x1027 gm. | 9.5x109 yr. | Gravity; a planet in habitable zone of the Solar system | Living-world |
| Multicellular Organismsb ^ | 104 - 10-1 cm. | 107 - 10-3 gm. | 13.5x109 yr. | Residual Electromagnetic force; life orgainized by multiple cells |
| Unicellular Organismsb ^ | 10-1 - 10-4 cm. | 10-3 - 10-12 gm. | 10.5x109 yr. | Residual Electromagnetic force; one cell living unit | Micro-world |
| Moleculesc ^ | 10-5 - 10-8 cm. | 10 - 10-3 ev. | 3.8x105 yr. | Residual Electromagnetic force; structural combinations of atoms |
| Atomsc ^ | 10-8 cm. | 10 ev. | 3.8x105 yr. | Electromagnetic force; system comprised of electrons and nucleus |
| Nucleip ^ | 10-13 cm. | 109 ev. | 1 sec. | Residual weak, strong and electromagnetic forces; system of neutrons and protons |
| Elementary Particlesp ^ | 10-15 cm. > | 10-3 - 1012 ev. | < 10-36 sec. | Weak, strong and electromagnetic forces; fundamental constituents of matter and force |
