1000: Olaf I, the King of Norway, dies.

1001: Eric the Red, the founder of the first European colony on Greenland, dies. Steven I of Hungary is crowned king. Brian Boru is acknowledged as chief king of Ireland.

1002: Hrosvitha, a German poet and chronicler dies. Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany dies, and his cousin Henry II (called Henry the Saint) is elected to succeed him. Massacre of the Danes, in England. Sweyn I, King of Denmark and called Forkbeard, starts leading a series of raids against England.

1003: Boleslav I (called the Brave) of Poland becomes prince of Bohemia. Robert II of France (the Pious) submits to the Pope and marries the daughter of the marquis of Provence, Constance of Arles.

1004: Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) invades Italy in and crowned king of the Lombards. Between 1004 and 1018 he also is at war with Boleslav I, king of Poland, over Bohemia.

1005: Kenneth III of Scotland (called "The Grim") dies. His cousin Malcome II of Scotland becomes king.

1009: Danish invasion of England. Al-Hakim, the caliph of Egypt, Syria and Palestine orders the Jews and Christians in his kingdom to wear sashes around their waste and wear distinguishing badges on their clothing. He also orders the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem to be destroyed.

1013: Sweyn I, King of Denmark (called Forkbeard) leads an invasion into England. Al-Hakim, the caliph of Egypt, Syria and Palestine orders that Jews must wear bells around their neck when they enter public baths.

1014: The Irish beat the Vikings in the Battle of Clontarf. English king Ethelred II flees England to Normandy. Sweyn I, King of Denmark becomes ruler of England (and dies the same year). Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) goes to Rome where he is crowned Emperor. Bulgarian czar Samuel is defeated by Byzantine Emperor Basil II.

1016: Death of Ethelred II of England leads to the Battle of Ashington to choose a successor. Canute the Great wins becoming king of England.

1017: Canute, king of England, marries Emma of Normandy.

1018: Canute the Great inherits the throne of Denmark, but continues to reside in England.

1021: By request of Pope Benedict VIII Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) goes to Italy to fight the Byzantines. Al-Hakim, the caliph of Egypt, Syria and Palestine mysteriously disappears.

1024: Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) dies and is succeeded by Conrad II. In April someone is arrested and commits suicide for the murder of Al-Hakim, the caliph of Egypt, Syria and Palestine.

1025: Byzantine Emperor Basil II dies.

1026: Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned king of the Lombards

1027: Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned Emperor by the pope.

1028: Olaf II of Norway is forced into exile by Canute the Great. Canute becomes King of Norway.

1030: Olaf II of Norway attempts to reclaim his lost kingdom, but is defeated.

1031: Henry I of France crowned.

1032: Rudolf III king of Burgundy dies and Burgundy is added to the Holy Roman Empire.

1034: Malcolm II of Scotland dies, and his grandson Duncan I becomes king.

1035: Robert I, duke of Normandy and father of William the Conqueror dies. Canute, king of England, Denmark and Norway, dies. His illegitimate son Harold I becomes regent in England. Magnus the Good, son of Olaf II, becomes king of Norway.

1037: Avicenna, a Persian scholar who wrote the Canon of Medicine dies.

1039: Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire dies trying to suppress a rebellion in Italy. His son Henry III (called The Black) of the Holy Roman Empire inherits the title. Alhazen of Cario, a physicist who had challenged the idea that the eye sees by sending out visual rays, dies.

1040: Macbeth becomes king of Scotland, defeating King Duncan I in battle. Harold I of England dies, and Cnut's legitimate son Harthacnut inherits.

1041: Henry III (called The Black) of the Holy Roman Empire defends the Poles (his vassals) against the Bohemians.

1042: Harthacnut dies, and Edward the Confessor becomes king of England.

1045: Edward the Confessor marries Edith, the daughter of the Earl of Wessex.

1047: William the Conqueror secures the throne of Normandy with the help of King Henry I of France. Magnus the Good, king of Norway and Denmark dies, and is succeeded in Norway by his uncle Harald Hardrade.

1049: Saint Leo IX becomes pope, through the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, to whom he is related.

1051: William the Conqueror obtains Edward the Confessor's (King of England) agreement that William will inherit the throne of England from Edward.

1053: William the Conqueror married Matilda of Flanders, a descendant to Alfred the Great.

1054: Henry I of France tries to crush William the Conqueror, and fails.

1055: A Turkish group called the Seljuks capture Baghdad.

1056: Six year old Henry IV inherits the Holy Roman Empire. (during his minority his mother ruled for him)

1057: Macbeth, the king of Scotland, is killed. Macbeth's stepson, Lulach becomes king.

1058: Henry I of France tries again to crush William the Conqueror, and again fails. Scottish king Lulach is ambushed and killed by Malcolm III of Scotland, son of Duncan I. Malcolm III of Scotland becomes king.

1060: Henry I of France dies, and is succeeded by his son (eight year old) Philip I of France.

1064: Harold, Earl of Wessex and a powerful English noble is shipwrecked and taken prisoner by William the Conqueror. He obtains release by promising to aid William in his claim to the English throne.

1065: Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire comes of age, and crushes a rebellion in Saxony.

1066: Edward the Confessor, King of England, dies. Harold the Earl of Wessex is elected king. With the sanction of Pope Alexander II William the Conqueror (also called William the Bastard) invades England and wins the Battle of Hastings, where Harold is killed. William the Conqueror is crowned on Christmas day. Philip I of France takes over ruling from his mother and uncle.

1070: The Norman conquest of England is now complete.

1072: William the Conqueror invades Scotland and forces Malcolm III MacDuncan to pay homage to him.

1076: Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire convokes a Germany council to dispose of Pope Gregory VII. The Pope excommunicates Henry IV and he is forced to beg for absolution. When the German nobles Rudolf the duke of Swabia for king Germany was thrown into a civil war.

1080: Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaims Rudolf king. Henry IV declares Clement III Pope. Rudolf is killed and Henry IV retakes control.

1084: Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire invades Italy and captures Rome. the Normans, led by Robert Guiscard drive Henry IV from Rome.

1086: William the Conqueror has all landlords swear an oath (the Oath of Salisbury) to him, promising loyalty. A survey is taken (by William) and the Domesday Book is written. She-tsung, Emperor of China, nationalizes agricultural production and distribution.

1087: William the Conqueror dies on a campaign against King Philip I of France. William II of England (called Rufus, the third son of William the Conqueror) is crowned.

1088: Odo, the bishop of Bayeux leads a revolt of Normans against William II of England, trying to replace him with his older brother Robert II duke of Normandy. Urban II elected pope.

1089: William II of England invades Normandy.

1091: William II of England invades Normandy (again).

1093: Malcolm III of Scotland dies in battle. His wife, Margaret (niece of Edward the Confessor) dies three days later. His brother Donald III (called Donald Bane) declares himself king.

1094: William II of England invades Normandy (again). Duncan II, son of Malcolm III of Scotland defeats Donald III of Scotland and becomes king. Soon after he is killed in a revolt and Donald III becomes king again.

1095: Philip I of France is excommunicated for repudiating his wife, Bertha of Holland and marrying Bertranda, wife of the count of Anjou. Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade. (First Crusade goes from 1095 - 1099)

1096: Robert II duke of Normandy mortgages Normandy to William II of England in exchange for money to finance a crusade.

1097: Edgar of Scotland, son of Malcolm III of Scotland defeats, blinds, and imprisons Donald III of Scotland. Edgar becomes king of Scotland.

1099: Pope Urban II dies just prior to the fall of the Holy City, Jerusalem, to the First Crusaders...he never lives to see his vision realized. Pope Paschal II comes into office.

1100: William II of England dies while hunting. His younger brother succeeds as Henry I of England, winning support of the nobles and church by issuing a charter of liberties acknowledging their rights.

1101: Robert II duke of Normandy invades England, but retreats when Henry I of England promises him a pension and military aid.

1102: Henry I of England quells a revolt of nobles, who then flee to Normandy.

1104: Alfonso I becomes king of Aragon and Navarre.

1105: Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire is taken prisoner by his son and forced to abdicate.

1106: Henry I of England defeats Robert II of Normandy in France, and he wins Normandy. Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire dies while trying to reform an army. Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire (son of Henry IV) becomes Emperor. Lothiar (soon to be Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire) is granted the duchy of Saxony by Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.

1107: Alexander I (called the Fierce) of Scotland becomes king when his brother Edgar of Scotland dies unmarried.

1108: Louis VI (of France) is crowned.

1109: Louis VI (of France) starts fighting the English (for the next twenty years)

1110: Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire agrees to abide by Pope Paschal II's degrees, in return that he would be crowned. When, at the day of the coronation Henry V places more demands the Pope refuses, and Henry V takes him prisoner. The Pope agrees with his demands.

1112: The Pope Paschal II retracts the concessions he made to Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.

1114: Many German princes rebel against Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire (1114 - 1121)

1115: Matilda countess of Tuscany dies leaving a lot of territory to the papacy. Conrad (later Conrad III of Germany) is given duchy of Franconia by his uncle Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire.

1116: Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire invades Italy to seize the territories left to the papacy by Matilda. Conrad (later to be Conrad III of Germany) is made one of the regents of Germany.

1117: Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire has Pope Paschal II driven out of Rome.

1118: Pope Paschal II dies, and is succeeded by Gelasius II. Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire establishes Gregory VIII as the antipope. Gelasius II excommunicates Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire. Anna Comnena, a Byzantine princess and historian, retires to a convent after unsuccessfully conspiring to make her husband emperor instead of her brother, Emperor John II Comnenus.

1121: Diet of Würzburg establishes peace between Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire and his German enemies.

1122: The Concordat of Worms establishes peace with the Catholic Church. Antipope Gregory VIII is abandoned.

1123: Omar Khayyám, a mathematician whose worked on cubic equations, dies.

1124: Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire and his father-in-law Henry I of England unsuccessfully attack Louis VI of France. David I of Scotland (called The Saint) becomes king of Scotland after his brother Alexander I dies childless. During his reign he strengthened the church and encouraged Normans to settle in Scotland.

1125: Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire dies. He is succeeded by Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire. Conrad (soon to be Conrad III of Germany) and his brother Frederick II, duke of Swabia dispute Lothair II's succession to the throne of Germany. In China, student Chen Dong (Ch'en Tung) begins petitioning the government.

1126: In China Chen Dong leads a student protest to the dismissal of Li Gang. Over 100,000 men join with the students in the protest, and several eunuchs are killed when the crowd rioted. Li Gang was reinstalled as defense commissioner by Emperor Qin Zong (aka Ch'in-Tsung) and the government attempts to bribe student leaders to end the protests.

1127: Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire arranges the marriage of his daughter Gertrude to Henry X, duke of Bavaria. Conrad (soon to be Conrad III of Germany) is elected king or anti-king of Germany, and a war breaks out between him and his rival, Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire. Chinese Emperor Gao Zong (son of Qin Zong) has Chen Dong executed.

1128: Conrad (soon to be Conrad III of Germany) is crowned king of Italy.

1129: Chinese Emperor Gao Zong expresses regret over killing Chen Dong and posthumously grants Chen Dong an official rank.

1133: Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned by Pope Innocence II. Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre is defeated by the Moors at Braga.

1134: Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre dies of wounds he had received the previous year.

1135: Henry I of England dies. Henry's nephew Steven of Blois usurps the throne. Conrad (soon to be Conrad III of Germany) acknowledges Lothair II as the Holy Roman Emperor.

1136: King David I of Scotland attacks England either to help his niece Matilda get the English throne, or to recapture three countries on the Northern border of England, or both. (1136 - 1138)

1137: Louis VII of France succeeds his father, and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire gives Henry X, duke of Bavaria the duchy of Saxony. Lothair II of the Holy Roman Empire dies, and Conrad III of Germany succeeds him as king of Germany.

1139: Ten year old Henry the Lion inherits the duchy of Saxony, which his mother and grandmother rule for him.

1142: Louis VII of France captures Champagne. Malcolm IV, (called "the Maiden"), grandson of David I inherits the throne of Scotland.

1146: Henry the Lion begins to rule the duchy of Saxony for himself.

1147: The Second Crusade begins...Lisbon falls to the crusaders and Portuguese; Almeria falls to the Spanish. Henry the Lion demands the duchy of Bavaria be given to him, when refused, he fights against Conrad III of Germany.

1148: King Louis VII of France, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Emperor Conrad III in the East join the Second Crusade

1149: The Second Crusade ends in failure. King Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany return from the crusade.

1151: Henry (soon to be Henry II of England) becomes the duke of Normandy.

1152: Eleanor of Aquitaine's marriage to Louis VII is annulled. She marries Henry II. Louis VII and Henry II fight over her lands in Aquitaine. Conrad III of Germany dies, and is succeeded by his nephew Frederick I (called Frederick Barbarossa)

1153: the newly appointed papal chancellor (later to be Pope Alexander III) is sent to negotiate the Treaty of Constance with Emperor Frederick I (called Frederick Barbarossa)

1154: Louis VII of France renounces all claims to the duchy of Aquitaine. Henry II, first of the Plantagenet monarchs of England, defeats Steven of Blois and becomes King of England.

1155: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire, (called Frederick Barbarossa) is crowned emperor by Pope Adrian IV.

1156: in a letter Pope Adrian IV angers Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) by implying that the Emperor held his lands only as a fief from the pope. Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Bararossa) gives Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, the duchy of Bavaria. In return, Henry the Lion helps his wars against Poland and Italy during the next three years. Civil war breaks out in Japan, between two rival emperors.

1157: Louis VII of France continues fighting Henry II of England (sporadically, for the next three years). Eric of Sweden conquers Finland.

1158: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) angers the Lombards by demanding that he be allowed to appoint the governor in each town. (struggles continue till 1158). Fredrick I also goes to war with Milan.

1159: Pope Adrain IV dies. Alexander III becomes Pope.

1160: After another civil war the Taira clan takes over control of Japan from the Fujiwara.

1164: Henry II argues with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a' Becket, and attempts to decree that priest accused of crimes should be charged by royal courts.

1165: William I of Scotland, (called the Lion), and brother of Malcolm IV inherits the throne of Scotland. Pope Alexander III excommunicates Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire.

1167: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) attacks Rome, setting anti-pope Paschal III on the papal throne. The Lombard league forms, with Pope Alexander III as their leader. Oxford University is founded. Taira leader, Kiyomori, is named prime minister of Japan.

1168: After quarreling with Henry II of England William the Lion of Scotland makes an alliance with France. Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, marries Henry II of England's daughter Matilda (as his second wife).

1170: Thomas a' Becket is murdered by four of Henry II's knights. Henry II is forced to recognize Thomas a' Becket as a martyr and give up his attempt to make priests subject to the courts.

1171: Henry II of England begins the Norman conquest of Ireland.

1172: Richard (the soon-to-be king of England, and oldest son of Henry II) inherits the duchy of Aquitaine in France, from his mother. Henry the Lion takes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

1173: Eleanor of Aquitaine, and her sons start leading rebellions against Henry II, (her husband and their father). They are supported by the French and Scottish Kings. Eleanor is caught and imprisoned. William the Lion of Scotland invades Northumberland.

1174: William the Lion of Scotland is captured by the English and released only when he agrees to the Treaty of Falaise promising to recognize Henry II of England as overlord. On his fifth expedition to Italy Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) is defeated by the Lombard league. Henry the Lion (duke of Bavaria and Saxony) refused to help Frederick I, thus angering him.

1177: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) is forced to acknowledge Alexander III as pope.

1179: Philip Augustus (soon to be Philip II of France) becomes co-regent with his father Louis VII.

1180: Philip Augustus becomes ruler of France, Philip II. Henry the Lion is robbed of most of his possessions by Frederick I (a result of their fight in 1174). the Minamoto leader leads an uprising in eastern Japan, against the Taira, forcing the Taira from their capital.

1181: Philip II of France fights with various French barons to increase his domain (1181-1186). Pope Alexander III dies and is succeeded by Pope Lucius III.

1182: Henry the Lion is exiled by Frederick I. All Jews are banished from France.

1183: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) is forced to sign the Peace of Constance. Henry II's heir, Henry, is killed, and Richard the Lion-hearted becomes the next in line for the throne.

1185: Pope Lucius III is succeeded by Pope Urban III. Pope Urban III's enemies prevent him from entering Rome, so he remains in Verona instead. Eleanor of Aquitaine is released from her confinement, and manages to secure the succession of her son Richard to the throne of England. Civil war in Japan ends with the Taira leader, Yoritomo inaugurating a military dictatorship. The Japanese capital is moved to Kamakura

1186: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire's son Henry (later to be Emperor Henry VI) invades the papal states.

1187: Pope Urban III dies on his way to Venice.

1188: William the Lion of Scotland receives a papal bull promising the independence of the Scottish church from the English ones.

1189: Henry II of England dies. Richard I of England (called the Lion-hearted)crowned king. Through a deal with the Scottish king William he receives 10,000 Marks which he takes to the Holy Lands, leaving his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine as regent. The Treaty of Falaise (between Scotland and England) is annulled. Henry the Lion is again excelled by Frederick I. Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (called Frederick Barbarossa) initiates the Third Crusade, handing the Holy Roman Empire to his son, Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire).

1190: Richard the Lion-hearted and Philip II of France leave for the Third Crusade. the two kings quarrel regularly. Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire) squashes a rebellion of nobles led by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire drowns, in a river in Cilicia.

1191: Philip II of France leaves the crusades and returns to France. Richard the Lion-hearted captures Cyprus. . Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned.

1192: Richard the Lion-hearted is captured by Leopold V, duke of Austria and handed over to Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire. In Japan Taira leader, Yoritomo is appointed Shogun.

1193: John Lackland attempts to claim the throne of England, but is prevented by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine.

1194: Richard the Lion-hearted is released for ransom. Richard returns to England and makes peace with his brother John. Leaving the government in the hands of Hubert Walter, the archbishop he leaves to go to war with France. Tancred, king of Italy dies, and Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire invades Italy and is crowned king.

1195: Henry the Lion dies. Philip (later Holy Roman Emperor Philip) becomes the duke of Tuscany.

1196: Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire tries unsuccessfully to make the imperial crown hereditary. Philip (later Holy Roman Emperor Philip) becomes the duke of Swabia.

1197: Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire dies.

1198: Philip, duke of Tuscany and Swabia, and Otto of Brunswick fight over who will rule as Holy Roman Empire. Averroes, an Islamic philosopher and personal doctor of the caliph, dies.

1199: Richard the Lion-hearted is wounded and dies. His brother John (known as John Lackland) is crowned. Supporters of Arthur of Brittany (John's nephew, son of Henry II's second son Geoffrey) rebel. Philip II of France turns against John.

1202: Arthur of Brittany is defeated. Philip II of France continues Arthur's fight with England, and within the next three years increases his domain by annexing Normandy, Maine, Brittany, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou. Start of the Fourth Crusade. (1202 - 1204) During which, Constantinople is captured (and plundered) by the Crusaders. Also, the Children's Crusade.

1203: Sundiata of Mali takes over rule of what remains of Ghana.(?)

1204: Philip II of France stops fighting England, after winning back all England's French lands. End of the Fourth Crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine dies.

1206: By now Temujin (later known as Genghis Khan) is master of almost all of Mongolia.

1207: John Lackland of England refuses to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury and is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. Pope Innocent III starts negotiating with Philip II of France to attack England, and closes down all the churches in England.

1208: Pope Innocent III proclaims a Crusade against the Albigenses (a religious sect) in Southern France. The crusade continues until about 1229. Philip, duke of Tuscany and Swabia is murdered, just as it looks like he will succeed as Holy Roman Emperor. Temujin (Genghis Khan) has started his conquest of China.

1209: Otto of Brunswick is crowned Otto IV of the Holy Roman Empire.

1210: Emperor Otto IV (called Otto of Brunswick) seizes papal territory and is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III.

1212: Frederick, king of Sicily becomes Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Emperor Otto IV, with King John of England's support, continues to fight for his crown, against both Emperor Frederick II, the pope, and France.

1213: John Lackland of England surrenders England to the pope, and receives it back as a fief.

1214: John Lackland of England attempts to regain his lands in France and is defeated in France. Emperor Otto IV is defeated in the Battle of Bouvines, where France is established as a leading power of Europe. William the Lion of Scotland dies, and his son Alexander is crowned king.

1215: John Lackland of England is forced to sign the Magna Carta. A group of English barons offer Prince Louis (soon to be Louis VIII) of France the throne of England. He agrees and attempts to claim the throne but fails. Temujin (Genghis Khan) has conquered Yenking, the last Chin stronghold in Northern China.

1216: John Lackland of England dies defending his throne and is succeeded by his son Henry III (age nine) of England. During Henry III's minority the Earl of Pembroke ruled.

1217: Prince Louis VIII of France returns to France and takes parts in crusades against the Albigenses, or Cathars. Alexander II of Scotland recognizes Henry III of England as his overlord. The Fifth Crusade commences.

1218: Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquerors the Korean Peninsula.

1219: Earl of Pembroke dies. Hubert de Burgh takes over as regent of England. The Crusaders take the Egyptian seaport of Damiette, and plan on attacking Cairo. Genghis Khan turns west into Khoresm (Turkish Empire). Through conspiracy and murder the Hojo family becomes the military rulers of Japan. Although no Hojo ever became Shogun, they had the Emperor appoint figurehead Shoguns while they ruled as shikken, or regents

1220: The grid pattern of the streets of Salisbury, England, were laid out about this time.

1221: Alexander II of Scotland marries Henry III of England's sister Joan. After a failed attack on Cairo the Crusaders are forced to give up the Egyptian seaport of Damiette and return home.

1222: The Mongols under Genghis Khan head into Russia.

1223: Louis VIII of England succeeds his father as king of France.

1224: Emperor Frederick II founds the University of Naples.

1226: Louis IX succeeds his father as king of France (age 12), with his mother Blanche of Castile ruling as regent during his minority.

1227: Henry III of England comes of age. Under pressure from Pope Gregory IX, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II starts off on a Crusade. Within the first week the Emperor falls ill and is forced to cancel the crusade. Pope Gregory IX excommunicates him. Genghis Khan dies and his empire is divided among his three sons.

1228: Emperor Frederick II sets off on a Crusade (again). This time he makes it to the Holy Lands and through negotiations with the Egyptian Sultan Al-Kamil he succeeds in making peace and winning Jerusalem. Pope Gregory IX proclaims a crusade against Emperor Frederick II.

1229: Emperor Frederick II returns from the Holy Lands to defend himself from Pope Gregory IX's army.

1231: Constitution "Excommunicamus"of Pope Gregory IX starts the Inquisition.

1232: Henry III of England dismissed Hubert de Burgh from his court and rules with out the aid of ministers.

1236: Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence

1237: Peace of York establishes a boundary between England and Scotland. Emperor Frederick II's son Conrad IV elected King of the Romans. (1237 - 1240)The Tartars under Batu invade Russia.

1238: Alexander II of Scotland's wife Joan (brother of Henry III of England) dies. Sometime after Alexander II marries Mary of Coucy.

1241: Alexander II (of Scotland)'s wife Mary of Coucy gives birth to a son, who would later be Alexander III.

1244: The Muslims recapture Jerusalem.

1245: Pope Innocent IV deposes of Emperor Frederick II.

1246: The papal fraction in Germany elect Henry Raspe as Emperor.

1248: Louis IX of France joins the seventh crusade, his mother rules France as regent. Henry Raspe dies, and William of Holland is elected Emperor.

1249: Alexander II of Scotland dies on board a ship while trying to take the Hebrides from Norway. His seven year old son, Alexander III of Scotland becomes king. Louis IX of France and the crusaders capture the Egyptian seaport of Damiette.

1250: Louis IX of France and his forces are captured in Egypt, while trying to attack Cairo. After paying a large ransom and surrendering Damiette Louis IX sails to Palestine where he works on rebuilding the defenses of the Latin Kingdom. Emperor Frederick II dies. Both William of Holland and Ferderick II's son Conrad IV claim succession. By now there are about 4000 Christian Vikings in Greenland.

1251: Alexander III of Scotland (age ten) marries Margaret daughter of King Henry III of England.

1252: Pope Innocent IV officially sanctions the use of torture to obtain "truth" from suspects.

1254: Edward (called Longshanks, son of Henry III of England) marries Eleanor of Castile. Louis IX of France returns to France. Conrad IV (claimant to the title of Emperor) dies.

1257: Alfonso X, kind of Leon and Castile attempts to claim the Holy Roman Empire.

1258: Henry III of England is forced to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, by which he agrees to share his power with a council of barons. (He had wanted money from the barons.) Henry III soon went against the agreement, with the support of the Pope. The barons go to war. Louis IX of France signs the Treaty of Corbeil, relinquishing to the kingdom of Aragón all French claims to Barcelona and Roussillon, in return for which the Aragonese renounced their claims to parts of Provence and Languedoc. Baghdad is captured by the Mongols and the caliph is put in a sack and trampled to death.

1259: King Louis IX of France signs the Treaty of Paris with King Henry III of England.

1263: The Norsemen attempt to invade Scotland, but are prevented from succeeding by Alexander III of Scotland.

1264: A judgement called Mise of Amiens is passed by Louis IX, King of France, who is called into arbitrate between Henry III and the barons. The Mise of Amiens favors King Henry III, and the barons go to war. Henry III is taken prisoner.

1265: Henry III's son Edward (later Edward I, called Longshanks) leads the royal troops against the barons.

1266: Alexander III of Scotland makes peace with the Norsemen and marries the daughter of the King of Norway.

1267: Edward (called Longshanks) and the barons make peace, and Henry III is restored to the throne of England.

1270: Edward (called Longshanks) leaves for the eighth crusade. Louis IX of France leaves for the crusades but dies en route. His son, Philip III of France (called "The Bold", although he is a weak ruler) is crowned.

1271: Marco Polo of Venice travels to China, in court of Kublai Khan (1275–1292), returns to Genoa (1295) and writes "Travels".

1272: Henry III of England dies, and his son Edward I (called Longshanks) is recognized as king, although he is still away at the crusades.

1273: Edward I of England (called Longshanks) returns from the crusades and is crowned. Rodulf I of Habsburg is elected Holy Roman Emperor. Alfonso X protests Rodulf I's claim, but Pope Gregory X convinces Alfonso X to give up his own claim, in return for Rodulf renouncing his claims to Rome or the papal states.

1274: The Mongols attempt to invade Japan, but are defeated.

1275: Alexander III of Scotland's wife (daughter of the King of Norway) dies.

1278: With aid from Hungary, Holy Roman Emperor Rodulf I defeats his opponent Ottokar.

1281: The Mongols attempt to invade Japan, but are defeated.

1284: Edward I of England annexed Wales to England.

1285: Philip III of France fails an attempt at annexing the kingdom of Aragon. Philip III of France dies, and his son Philip IV of France (called The Fair) is crowned.

1286: Alexander III of Scotland dies falling from a cliff during a storm. His granddaughter Margaret "the Maid of Norway" succeeds him.

1290: Edward I of England (called Longshanks) expels all Jews from England. Margaret the Maid of Norway, and Queen of Scotland dies on her voyage to Scotland and thirteen men claim the throne. Edward I of England is called to choose between them, and he chooses the weak John Balliol, knowing that he could control him.

1291: Edward I of England is recognized as overlord of Scotland. Rudolf I of Hadsbury, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, dies. The electors elect Adolf of Nassau as king of Germany, and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, instead of Rudolf I's son Albert I. The last of the crusaders are forced out of Egypt by the Mamluks, and the era of the Crusades comes to an end.

1293: War breaks out between England and France. Edward I of England loses Gascony. The Welsh rebel against England.

1294: Between 1294 and 1296, Philip IV of France (called The Fair) seizes Guienne (in southwest France) from Edward I of England.

1295: King Edward I of England summons the Model Parliament.

1296: Edward I of England (called Longshanks) invades Scotland and proclaims himself king. In the bull Clericis Laicos Pope Boniface VII forbids clergy from paying taxes to secular powers. Philip IV of France (called The Fair) retaliates by forbidding the export of coins.

1297: Philip IV of France (called The Fair) continues his fight with England, and with England's ally Flanders.

1298: Edward I of England (called Longshanks) invades Scotland again to attempt to crush a revolt. Albert I (son of Emperor Rudolf I) deposes of Emperor Adolf of Nassau and becomes Emperor.

1299: Edward I of England makes peace with France in a treaty that gives Flanders to France, and returns Guienne to England. Edward I of England marries Margret, the sister of the French King Philip III. Scottish patriot Sir William Wallace is defeated by Edward I of England. Robert the Bruce is one of the four regents of Scotland.